LEAD ARTICLE: “From the Manosphere to the Classroom: Confronting Misogyny and Violence in a Digital Age” by NAPCE Journal Editor Prof. Noel Purdy, OBE
“From the Manospehere to the Classroom: Confronting Misogyn and Violence in a Digital Age” by NAPCE Journal Editor Professor Noel Purdy, OBE
The recent Netflix documentary Inside the Manosphere by Louis Theroux has brought renewed public attention to a troubling digital ecosystem shaping the attitudes of boys and young men.
The documentary shines a light on what is not simply a fringe subculture but a network of influencers promoting hyper-masculinity, grievance and hostility towards women through online content that is often framed as self-help but grounded in domination and resentment.
This concern is not confined to documentary-making. The 2025 Netflix drama Adolescence similarly explored how online misogynistic narratives can shape identity and behaviour, particularly among teenage boys. While fictional, its themes resonate with growing evidence that digital cultures are influencing real-world attitudes in ways that policymakers can no longer ignore.
Nowhere is this intersection between online culture and offline harm more starkly visible than in Northern Ireland. A series of recent high-profile cases featuring violence against women and girls has served to expose both alarming immediate risks and worrying deeper structural/societal issues.
The murder of Natalie McNally in Lurgan in December 2022, killed while pregnant by her partner, Stephen McCullagh, and the very recent killing of Amy Doherty in Derry/Londonderry have become emblematic of a wider crisis.
Since 2020, around 30 women have died violently in Northern Ireland (which has a population of less than 2 million), most at the hands of men known to them. This has led to the recent claim by Secretary of State, Hilary Benn MP, that Northern Ireland is the part of the UK where it is “most dangerous to be a woman”.
While such claims are contested, the underlying data is deeply concerning. The Police Service of Northern Ireland responds to a domestic abuse call roughly every 16 minutes, and recorded rates of domestic abuse are consistently higher than in other UK regions. Clearly, these are not marginal differences but instead point to a greater systemic problem.
Policy responses in Northern Ireland have begun to take shape. The Executive’s Stopping Domestic and Sexual Violence and Abuse Strategy (2024–2030) sets out a cross-departmental framework focused on prevention, protection and justice.
Alongside this, the Ending Violence Against Women and Girls Strategic Framework signals a growing recognition that cultural change, not just criminal justice, must be part of the solution. Legislative developments have also been significant. The Domestic Abuse and Civil Proceedings Act (Northern Ireland) 2021 introduced a specific offence of domestic abuse, including coercive and controlling behaviour, aligning Northern Ireland more closely with other UK jurisdictions.
Yet despite these advances, there remains a gap between policy ambition and lived reality. Services remain under pressure, implementation is uneven, and crucially there has been limited integration of policy thinking around digital harms.
This is where the influence of the manosphere becomes particularly relevant. Online influencers who promote misogynistic worldviews are not operating in isolation. They are part of a broader cultural environment that can normalise disrespect, entitlement and hostility towards women. Evidence would suggest that algorithms further amplify this content, often pushing it towards younger (often male) audiences who lack the critical tools to interrogate it.
Senior figures in policing across the UK have warned of a growing “normalisation” of misogyny, with social media identified as a key driver. While causation is complex, the correlation between online narratives and offline attitudes is increasingly difficult to dismiss.
The policy challenge, therefore, extends beyond Northern Ireland. It raises fundamental questions for all UK and international jurisdictions about how to regulate digital spaces, support young people and prevent harm.
Some countries are already testing more assertive approaches. In Australia, the government has introduced age-based restrictions on social media access for under-16s, as part of a wider package of online safety reforms, though concerns have already been raised about the effectiveness of this intervention.
Spain has similarly moved to tighten regulation, focusing on raising minimum age thresholds, strengthening age verification and increasing platform accountability rather than introducing outright bans.
At Westminster, similar debates are gaining traction. The UK’s Online Safety Act represents a significant step towards holding platforms accountable, but questions remain about enforcement, scope and whether it goes far enough in addressing gender-based harms.
In Northern Ireland, there are early indications that education policy is beginning to engage with these issues. The Education Minister Paul Givan MLA has signalled concern about the impact of online content on young people, including misogynistic influences.
This opens an important avenue for intervention, but it has yet to be developed into a coherent, system-wide response.
What might such a response look like?
First, there is a need for policy integration. Strategies addressing violence against women and girls must explicitly engage with digital culture, recognising that prevention increasingly requires action in online as well as offline spaces.
Recent research (Growing Up Online in Northern Ireland) that I led in 2023 confirmed the disproportionate victimisation of girls. Among 14–18-year-olds, for instance, girls were three times more likely than boys to be asked to send nude photos/videos of themselves, girls were more than twice as likely as boys to be sent inappropriate photos they didn’t ask for, and twice as likely to see or be sent pornography. Girls were also more likely than boys to see or be sent content promoting self-harm, eating disorders or suicide.
Second, education systems across the UK should embed critical digital literacy alongside relationship and sexuality education, but bans alone are not the answer. Restricting access may delay exposure, but it does not equip young people to deal with harmful content when they inevitably encounter it. What is needed is a stronger educational response.
Young people should be taught how algorithms shape what they see, how influencers monetise attention, and how to question messages about gender, power and relationships. Alongside this, education on respect, consent and equality is essential.
The aim is not to shield children and young people from the online world, as that is inherently futile, but to develop informed, critical and resilient users who can navigate it safely and responsibly.
Third, platform regulation must be strengthened. This includes not only removing illegal content, but addressing the algorithmic amplification of harmful material. There is now growing international pressure on social media companies in this area. Recent landmark cases in the United States have found companies such as Meta liable for designing addictive systems that push harmful content towards young users, with courts scrutinising features like infinite scroll and recommendation algorithms.
Alongside this, the UK’s Online Safety Act will require platforms to assess how their algorithms expose users to harm. However, enforcement remains key. Transparency about how content is promoted, and accountability for its impact, must become central to regulation.
Fourth, there must be a proactive effort to engage boys and young men. The allure or appeal of the manosphere lies partly in its provision of identity, belonging and simple answers to uncertainty. Countering it requires credible, positive alternatives. Programmes such as Beyond Equality work directly with boys in schools to challenge harmful norms and promote healthier masculinities.
Similarly, the White Ribbon Campaign engages men and boys as allies in preventing violence against women. These initiatives show that change is possible but they require sustained investment, scaling and integration into mainstream education and youth work right across the UK.
Finally, there is a broader cultural task. Violence against women and girls cannot be reduced to individual pathology; it reflects societal norms and power structures. Addressing it requires sustained leadership, cross-sector collaboration and a willingness to confront uncomfortable truths.
Northern Ireland’s experience is, in many ways, a warning signal. It highlights the consequences of failing to address violence, inequality and cultural attitudes in a joined-up way. But it also offers an opportunity: to develop integrated, forward-looking responses that recognise the evolving nature of harm in a digital age and aim to promote respect for everyone both on- and offline.
Professor Noel Purdy, OBE
Editor, Pastoral Care in Education (Journal)
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